diff --git a/src/qml/jsapi/qjsmanagedvalue.cpp b/src/qml/jsapi/qjsmanagedvalue.cpp
index 8b2f367304..8d00ecb2f9 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsapi/qjsmanagedvalue.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/jsapi/qjsmanagedvalue.cpp
@@ -631,8 +631,8 @@ QVariant QJSManagedValue::toVariant() const
         return QVariant(d->doubleValue());
     if (d->isString())
         return QVariant(d->toQString());
-    if (QV4::Managed *m = d->as<QV4::Managed>())
-        return m->engine()->toVariant(*d, QMetaType{}, true);
+    if (d->as<QV4::Managed>())
+        return QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(*d, QMetaType{}, true);
 
     Q_UNREACHABLE();
     return QVariant();
diff --git a/src/qml/jsapi/qjsvalue.cpp b/src/qml/jsapi/qjsvalue.cpp
index 34fe760732..18ad1ebdfd 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsapi/qjsvalue.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/jsapi/qjsvalue.cpp
@@ -598,8 +598,10 @@ QVariant QJSValue::toVariant(QJSValue::ObjectConversionBehavior behavior) const
 
     if (val.isString())
         return QVariant(val.toQString());
-    if (QV4::Managed *m = val.as<QV4::Managed>())
-        return m->engine()->toVariant(val, /*typeHint*/ QMetaType{}, behavior == RetainJSObjects);
+    if (val.as<QV4::Managed>()) {
+        return QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                    val, /*typeHint*/ QMetaType{}, behavior == RetainJSObjects);
+    }
 
     Q_ASSERT(false);
     return QVariant();
diff --git a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine.cpp b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine.cpp
index a66478d61e..43b3c6fa29 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine.cpp
@@ -1493,9 +1493,9 @@ QQmlError ExecutionEngine::catchExceptionAsQmlError()
 // Variant conversion code
 
 typedef QSet<QV4::Heap::Object *> V4ObjectSet;
-static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType typeHint, bool createJSValueForObjects, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects);
+static QVariant toVariant(const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType typeHint, bool createJSValueForObjects, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects);
 static QObject *qtObjectFromJS(const QV4::Value &value);
-static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects = nullptr);
+static QVariant objectToVariant(const QV4::Object *o, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects = nullptr);
 static bool convertToNativeQObject(const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType targetType, void **result);
 static QV4::ReturnedValue variantListToJS(QV4::ExecutionEngine *v4, const QVariantList &lst);
 static QV4::ReturnedValue sequentialIterableToJS(QV4::ExecutionEngine *v4, const QSequentialIterable &lst);
@@ -1505,10 +1505,11 @@ static QV4::ReturnedValue variantToJS(QV4::ExecutionEngine *v4, const QVariant &
     return v4->metaTypeToJS(value.metaType(), value.constData());
 }
 
-static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType metaType, bool createJSValueForObjects, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects)
+static QVariant toVariant(
+        const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType metaType, bool createJSValueForObjects,
+        V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects)
 {
     Q_ASSERT (!value.isEmpty());
-    QV4::Scope scope(e);
 
     if (const QV4::VariantObject *v = value.as<QV4::VariantObject>())
         return v->d()->data();
@@ -1522,8 +1523,9 @@ static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMet
     if (metaType == QMetaType::fromType<QJSValue>())
         return QVariant::fromValue(QJSValuePrivate::fromReturnedValue(value.asReturnedValue()));
 
-    if (value.as<QV4::Object>()) {
-        QV4::ScopedObject object(scope, value);
+    if (const QV4::Object *o = value.as<QV4::Object>()) {
+        QV4::Scope scope(o->engine());
+        QV4::ScopedObject object(scope, o);
         if (metaType == QMetaType::fromType<QJsonObject>()
                    && !value.as<ArrayObject>() && !value.as<FunctionObject>()) {
             return QVariant::fromValue(QV4::JsonObject::toJsonObject(object));
@@ -1542,8 +1544,9 @@ static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMet
         }
     }
 
-    if (value.as<ArrayObject>()) {
-        QV4::ScopedArrayObject a(scope, value);
+    if (const QV4::ArrayObject *o = value.as<ArrayObject>()) {
+        QV4::Scope scope(o->engine());
+        QV4::ScopedArrayObject a(scope, o);
         if (metaType == QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject *>>()) {
             QList<QObject *> list;
             uint length = a->getLength();
@@ -1590,7 +1593,7 @@ static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMet
                         }
                     }
 
-                    asVariant = toVariant(e, arrayValue, valueMetaType, false, visitedObjects);
+                    asVariant = toVariant(arrayValue, valueMetaType, false, visitedObjects);
                     if (valueMetaType == QMetaType::fromType<QVariant>()) {
                         retnAsIterable.metaContainer().addValue(retn.data(), &asVariant);
                     } else {
@@ -1649,8 +1652,10 @@ static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMet
         return d->asByteArray();
     // NOTE: since we convert QTime to JS Date, round trip will change the variant type (to QDateTime)!
 
-    QV4::ScopedObject o(scope, value);
-    Q_ASSERT(o);
+    const QV4::Object *object = value.as<QV4::Object>();
+    Q_ASSERT(object);
+    QV4::Scope scope(object->engine());
+    QV4::ScopedObject o(scope, object);
 
 #if QT_CONFIG(regularexpression)
     if (QV4::RegExpObject *re = o->as<QV4::RegExpObject>())
@@ -1660,16 +1665,16 @@ static QVariant toVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Value &value, QMet
     if (createJSValueForObjects)
         return QVariant::fromValue(QJSValuePrivate::fromReturnedValue(o->asReturnedValue()));
 
-    return objectToVariant(e, o, visitedObjects);
+    return objectToVariant(o, visitedObjects);
 }
 
 
 QVariant ExecutionEngine::toVariant(const Value &value, QMetaType typeHint, bool createJSValueForObjects)
 {
-    return ::toVariant(this, value, typeHint, createJSValueForObjects, nullptr);
+    return ::toVariant(value, typeHint, createJSValueForObjects, nullptr);
 }
 
-static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects)
+static QVariant objectToVariant(const QV4::Object *o, V4ObjectSet *visitedObjects)
 {
     Q_ASSERT(o);
 
@@ -1689,7 +1694,7 @@ static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V
     QVariant result;
 
     if (o->as<ArrayObject>()) {
-        QV4::Scope scope(e);
+        QV4::Scope scope(o->engine());
         QV4::ScopedArrayObject a(scope, o->asReturnedValue());
         QV4::ScopedValue v(scope);
         QVariantList list;
@@ -1697,7 +1702,7 @@ static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V
         int length = a->getLength();
         for (int ii = 0; ii < length; ++ii) {
             v = a->get(ii);
-            list << ::toVariant(e, v, QMetaType {}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false, visitedObjects);
+            list << ::toVariant(v, QMetaType {}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false, visitedObjects);
         }
 
         result = list;
@@ -1706,7 +1711,7 @@ static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V
         result = QVariant::fromValue(QJSValuePrivate::fromReturnedValue(f->asReturnedValue()));
     } else {
         QVariantMap map;
-        QV4::Scope scope(e);
+        QV4::Scope scope(o->engine());
         QV4::ObjectIterator it(scope, o, QV4::ObjectIterator::EnumerableOnly);
         QV4::ScopedValue name(scope);
         QV4::ScopedValue val(scope);
@@ -1716,7 +1721,9 @@ static QVariant objectToVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *e, const QV4::Object *o, V
                 break;
 
             QString key = name->toQStringNoThrow();
-            map.insert(key, ::toVariant(e, val, /*type hint*/ QMetaType {}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false, visitedObjects));
+            map.insert(key, ::toVariant(
+                           val, /*type hint*/ QMetaType {},
+                           /*createJSValueForObjects*/false, visitedObjects));
         }
 
         result = map;
@@ -1893,7 +1900,7 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QV4::ExecutionEngine::fromVariant(const QVariant &variant)
 
 QVariantMap ExecutionEngine::variantMapFromJS(const Object *o)
 {
-    return objectToVariant(this, o).toMap();
+    return objectToVariant(o).toMap();
 }
 
 
@@ -2452,7 +2459,7 @@ bool ExecutionEngine::metaTypeFromJS(const Value &value, QMetaType metaType, voi
     case QMetaType::QVariantList: {
         const QV4::ArrayObject *a = value.as<QV4::ArrayObject>();
         if (a) {
-            *reinterpret_cast<QVariantList *>(data) = a->engine()->toVariant(
+            *reinterpret_cast<QVariantList *>(data) = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
                         *a, /*typeHint*/QMetaType{}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false).toList();
             return true;
         }
@@ -2467,18 +2474,20 @@ bool ExecutionEngine::metaTypeFromJS(const Value &value, QMetaType metaType, voi
         break;
     }
     case QMetaType::QVariant:
-        if (const QV4::Managed *m = value.as<QV4::Managed>())
-            *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = m->engine()->toVariant(value, /*typeHint*/QMetaType{}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false);
-        else if (value.isNull())
+        if (value.as<QV4::Managed>()) {
+            *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                    value, /*typeHint*/QMetaType{}, /*createJSValueForObjects*/false);
+        } else if (value.isNull()) {
             *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = QVariant::fromValue(nullptr);
-        else if (value.isUndefined())
+        } else if (value.isUndefined()) {
             *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = QVariant();
-        else if (value.isBoolean())
+        } else if (value.isBoolean()) {
             *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = QVariant(value.booleanValue());
-        else if (value.isInteger())
+        } else if (value.isInteger()) {
             *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = QVariant(value.integerValue());
-        else if (value.isDouble())
+        } else if (value.isDouble()) {
             *reinterpret_cast<QVariant*>(data) = QVariant(value.doubleValue());
+        }
         return true;
     case QMetaType::QJsonValue:
         *reinterpret_cast<QJsonValue *>(data) = QV4::JsonObject::toJsonValue(value);
diff --git a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine_p.h b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine_p.h
index aa79f89231..1bca525584 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine_p.h
+++ b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4engine_p.h
@@ -637,10 +637,11 @@ public:
     QQmlError catchExceptionAsQmlError();
 
     // variant conversions
-    QVariant toVariant(const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType typeHint, bool createJSValueForObjects = true);
+    static QVariant toVariant(
+            const QV4::Value &value, QMetaType typeHint, bool createJSValueForObjects = true);
     QV4::ReturnedValue fromVariant(const QVariant &);
 
-    QVariantMap variantMapFromJS(const QV4::Object *o);
+    static QVariantMap variantMapFromJS(const QV4::Object *o);
 
     static bool metaTypeFromJS(const Value &value, QMetaType type, void *data);
     QV4::ReturnedValue metaTypeToJS(QMetaType type, const void *data);
diff --git a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4jscall_p.h b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4jscall_p.h
index 327b5bb510..cf62f2549e 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4jscall_p.h
+++ b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4jscall_p.h
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ bool convertAndCall(ExecutionEngine *engine, QObject *thisObject,
         // When the return type is QVariant, JS objects are to be returned as
         // QJSValue wrapped in QVariant. metaTypeFromJS unwraps them, unfortunately.
         if (resultType == QMetaType::fromType<QVariant>()) {
-            new (result) QVariant(scope.engine->toVariant(jsResult, QMetaType {}));
+            new (result) QVariant(ExecutionEngine::toVariant(jsResult, QMetaType {}));
         } else {
             resultType.construct(result);
             ExecutionEngine::metaTypeFromJS(jsResult, resultType, result);
diff --git a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4qobjectwrapper.cpp b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4qobjectwrapper.cpp
index b744e45f26..54ef2c75b7 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4qobjectwrapper.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4qobjectwrapper.cpp
@@ -593,9 +593,9 @@ void QObjectWrapper::setProperty(
     } else {
         QVariant v;
         if (property->isQList() && propType.flags().testFlag(QMetaType::IsQmlList))
-            v = scope.engine->toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject *> >());
+            v = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject *> >());
         else
-            v = scope.engine->toVariant(value, propType);
+            v = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, propType);
 
         QQmlRefPointer<QQmlContextData> callingQmlContext = scope.engine->callingQmlContext();
         if (!QQmlPropertyPrivate::write(object, *property, v, callingQmlContext)) {
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ static int MatchScore(const Value &actual, QMetaType conversionMetaType)
         if (obj->as<VariantObject>()) {
             if (conversionType == qMetaTypeId<QVariant>())
                 return 0;
-            if (obj->engine()->toVariant(actual, QMetaType {}).metaType() == conversionMetaType)
+            if (ExecutionEngine::toVariant(actual, QMetaType {}).metaType() == conversionMetaType)
                 return 0;
             else
                 return 10;
@@ -1537,7 +1537,7 @@ static int MatchScore(const Value &actual, QMetaType conversionMetaType)
         }
 
         if (obj->as<QQmlValueTypeWrapper>()) {
-            const QVariant v = obj->engine()->toVariant(actual, QMetaType {});
+            const QVariant v = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(actual, QMetaType {});
             if (v.userType() == conversionType)
                 return 0;
             else if (v.canConvert(conversionMetaType))
@@ -1969,7 +1969,7 @@ bool CallArgument::fromValue(QMetaType metaType, ExecutionEngine *engine, const
         qobjectPtr = nullptr;
         return value.isNullOrUndefined(); // null and undefined are nullptr
     case QMetaType::QVariant:
-        qvariantPtr = new (&allocData) QVariant(engine->toVariant(value, QMetaType {}));
+        qvariantPtr = new (&allocData) QVariant(ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType {}));
         return true;
     case QMetaType::QJsonArray: {
         Scope scope(engine);
@@ -2064,7 +2064,7 @@ bool CallArgument::fromValue(QMetaType metaType, ExecutionEngine *engine, const
     qvariantPtr = new (&allocData) QVariant();
     type = QVariantWrappedType;
 
-    QVariant v = engine->toVariant(value, metaType);
+    QVariant v = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, metaType);
 
     if (v.metaType() == metaType) {
         *qvariantPtr = std::move(v);
diff --git a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4sequenceobject.cpp b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4sequenceobject.cpp
index 6ed27d9d02..cb36ece6a4 100644
--- a/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4sequenceobject.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/jsruntime/qv4sequenceobject.cpp
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ bool Sequence::containerPutIndexed(qsizetype index, const Value &value)
 
     const qsizetype count = size();
     const QMetaType valueType = valueMetaType(d());
-    const QVariant element = engine()->toVariant(value, valueType, false);
+    const QVariant element = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, valueType, false);
 
     if (index < 0)
         return false;
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ QVariant SequencePrototype::toVariant(const QV4::Value &array, QMetaType typeHin
         QV4::ScopedValue v(scope);
         for (quint32 i = 0; i < quint32(length); ++i) {
             const QMetaType valueMetaType = priv->typeId;
-            QVariant variant = scope.engine->toVariant(a->get(i), valueMetaType, false);
+            QVariant variant = ExecutionEngine::toVariant(a->get(i), valueMetaType, false);
             if (valueMetaType == QMetaType::fromType<QVariant>()) {
                 meta->addValueAtEnd(result.data(), &variant);
             } else {
diff --git a/src/qml/qml/qqmlbinding.cpp b/src/qml/qml/qqmlbinding.cpp
index d009381394..9020a544ac 100644
--- a/src/qml/qml/qqmlbinding.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/qml/qqmlbinding.cpp
@@ -466,9 +466,6 @@ Q_NEVER_INLINE bool QQmlBinding::slowWrite(const QQmlPropertyData &core,
                                            const QV4::Value &result,
                                            bool isUndefined, QQmlPropertyData::WriteFlags flags)
 {
-    QQmlEngine *qmlEngine = engine();
-    QV4::ExecutionEngine *v4engine = qmlEngine->handle();
-
     const QMetaType metaType = valueTypeData.isValid() ? valueTypeData.propType() : core.propType();
     const int type = metaType.id();
 
@@ -480,19 +477,19 @@ Q_NEVER_INLINE bool QQmlBinding::slowWrite(const QQmlPropertyData &core,
     if (isUndefined) {
     } else if (core.isQList()) {
         if (core.propType().flags() & QMetaType::IsQmlList)
-            value = v4engine->toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject *> >());
+            value = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject*>>());
         else
-            value = v4engine->toVariant(result, core.propType());
+            value = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, core.propType());
     } else if (result.isNull() && core.isQObject()) {
         value = QVariant::fromValue((QObject *)nullptr);
     } else if (core.propType() == QMetaType::fromType<QList<QUrl>>()) {
         const QVariant resultVariant
-                = v4engine->toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QUrl>>());
+                = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QUrl>>());
         value = QVariant::fromValue(QQmlPropertyPrivate::resolveUrlsOnAssignment()
                                     ? QQmlPropertyPrivate::urlSequence(resultVariant, context())
                                     : QQmlPropertyPrivate::urlSequence(resultVariant));
     } else if (!isVarProperty && metaType != QMetaType::fromType<QJSValue>()) {
-        value = v4engine->toVariant(result, metaType);
+        value = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, metaType);
     }
 
     if (hasError()) {
@@ -595,7 +592,7 @@ QVariant QQmlBinding::evaluate()
 
     ep->dereferenceScarceResources();
 
-    return scope.engine->toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject*> >());
+    return QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, QMetaType::fromType<QList<QObject*> >());
 }
 
 void QQmlBinding::expressionChanged()
diff --git a/src/qml/qml/qqmlexpression.cpp b/src/qml/qml/qqmlexpression.cpp
index ecece668d3..7e4483a604 100644
--- a/src/qml/qml/qqmlexpression.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/qml/qqmlexpression.cpp
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ QVariant QQmlExpressionPrivate::value(bool *isUndefined)
         QV4::Scope scope(engine->handle());
         QV4::ScopedValue result(scope, v4value(isUndefined));
         if (!hasError())
-            rv = scope.engine->toVariant(result, QMetaType {});
+            rv = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, QMetaType {});
     }
 
     ep->dereferenceScarceResources(); // "release" scarce resources if top-level expression evaluation is complete.
diff --git a/src/qml/qml/qqmlpropertybinding_p.h b/src/qml/qml/qqmlpropertybinding_p.h
index 9973fe42d7..50688fa245 100644
--- a/src/qml/qml/qqmlpropertybinding_p.h
+++ b/src/qml/qml/qqmlpropertybinding_p.h
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ bool QQmlPropertyBinding::evaluate(QMetaType metaType, void *dataPtr)
         break;
     }
 
-    QVariant resultVariant(scope.engine->toVariant(result, metaType));
+    QVariant resultVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(result, metaType));
     resultVariant.convert(metaType);
     const bool hasChanged = !metaType.equals(resultVariant.constData(), dataPtr);
     metaType.destruct(dataPtr);
diff --git a/src/qml/qml/qqmlvaluetypewrapper.cpp b/src/qml/qml/qqmlvaluetypewrapper.cpp
index 1ded94983e..9e08882b59 100644
--- a/src/qml/qml/qqmlvaluetypewrapper.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/qml/qqmlvaluetypewrapper.cpp
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ bool QQmlValueTypeWrapper::virtualPut(Managed *m, PropertyKey id, const Value &v
     QMetaProperty property = metaObject->property(pd.coreIndex());
     Q_ASSERT(property.isValid());
 
-    QVariant v = v4->toVariant(value, property.metaType());
+    QVariant v = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, property.metaType());
 
     if (property.isEnumType() && (QMetaType::Type)v.userType() == QMetaType::Double)
         v = v.toInt();
diff --git a/src/qml/qml/qqmlvmemetaobject.cpp b/src/qml/qml/qqmlvmemetaobject.cpp
index 59dbfdf5f1..46e5ad96da 100644
--- a/src/qml/qml/qqmlvmemetaobject.cpp
+++ b/src/qml/qml/qqmlvmemetaobject.cpp
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ QVariant QQmlVMEMetaObject::readPropertyAsVariant(int id) const
         const QV4::VariantObject *v = (md->data() + id)->as<QV4::VariantObject>();
         if (v)
             return v->d()->data();
-        return engine->toVariant(*(md->data() + id), QMetaType {});
+        return QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(*(md->data() + id), QMetaType {});
     }
     return QVariant();
 }
diff --git a/src/qmllocalstorage/qqmllocalstorage.cpp b/src/qmllocalstorage/qqmllocalstorage.cpp
index 073b3c790f..e3b0159c09 100644
--- a/src/qmllocalstorage/qqmllocalstorage.cpp
+++ b/src/qmllocalstorage/qqmllocalstorage.cpp
@@ -223,13 +223,13 @@ static ReturnedValue qmlsqldatabase_rows_item(const FunctionObject *b, const Val
     RETURN_RESULT(qmlsqldatabase_rows_index(r, scope.engine, argc ? argv[0].toUInt32() : 0));
 }
 
-static QVariant toSqlVariant(QV4::ExecutionEngine *engine, const QV4::ScopedValue &value)
+static QVariant toSqlVariant(const QV4::ScopedValue &value)
 {
     // toVariant() maps a null JS value to QVariant(VoidStar), but the SQL module
     // expects a null variant. (this is because of QTBUG-40880)
     if (value->isNull())
         return QVariant();
-    return engine->toVariant(value, /*typehint*/ QMetaType {});
+    return QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, /*typehint*/ QMetaType {});
 }
 
 static ReturnedValue qmlsqldatabase_executeSql(const FunctionObject *b, const Value *thisObject, const Value *argv, int argc)
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ static ReturnedValue qmlsqldatabase_executeSql(const FunctionObject *b, const Va
                 quint32 size = array->getLength();
                 QV4::ScopedValue v(scope);
                 for (quint32 ii = 0; ii < size; ++ii) {
-                    query.bindValue(ii, toSqlVariant(scope.engine, (v = array->get(ii))));
+                    query.bindValue(ii, toSqlVariant((v = array->get(ii))));
                 }
             } else if (values->as<Object>()) {
                 ScopedObject object(scope, values);
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ static ReturnedValue qmlsqldatabase_executeSql(const FunctionObject *b, const Va
                     key = it.nextPropertyName(val);
                     if (key->isNull())
                         break;
-                    QVariant v = toSqlVariant(scope.engine, val);
+                    QVariant v = toSqlVariant(val);
                     if (key->isString()) {
                         query.bindValue(key->stringValue()->toQString(), v);
                     } else {
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ static ReturnedValue qmlsqldatabase_executeSql(const FunctionObject *b, const Va
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                query.bindValue(0, toSqlVariant(scope.engine, values));
+                query.bindValue(0, toSqlVariant(values));
             }
         }
         if (query.exec()) {
diff --git a/src/qmlmodels/qqmladaptormodel.cpp b/src/qmlmodels/qqmladaptormodel.cpp
index 080cd90aa6..e046509151 100644
--- a/src/qmlmodels/qqmladaptormodel.cpp
+++ b/src/qmlmodels/qqmladaptormodel.cpp
@@ -333,10 +333,11 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QQmlDMCachedModelData::set_property(const QV4::FunctionObject
         QQmlDMCachedModelData *modelData = static_cast<QQmlDMCachedModelData *>(o->d()->item);
         if (!modelData->cachedData.isEmpty()) {
             if (modelData->cachedData.count() > 1) {
-                modelData->cachedData[propertyId] = scope.engine->toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {});
+                modelData->cachedData[propertyId]
+                        = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {});
                 QMetaObject::activate(o->d()->item, o->d()->item->metaObject(), propertyId, nullptr);
             } else if (modelData->cachedData.count() == 1) {
-                modelData->cachedData[0] = scope.engine->toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {});
+                modelData->cachedData[0] = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {});
                 QMetaObject::activate(o->d()->item, o->d()->item->metaObject(), 0, nullptr);
                 QMetaObject::activate(o->d()->item, o->d()->item->metaObject(), 1, nullptr);
             }
@@ -568,7 +569,8 @@ public:
         if (!argc)
             return v4->throwTypeError();
 
-        static_cast<QQmlDMListAccessorData *>(o->d()->item)->setModelData(v4->toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {}));
+        static_cast<QQmlDMListAccessorData *>(o->d()->item)->setModelData(
+                    QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType {}));
         return QV4::Encode::undefined();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/qmlmodels/qqmldelegatemodel.cpp b/src/qmlmodels/qqmldelegatemodel.cpp
index 7222b6cb93..9ec34704a2 100644
--- a/src/qmlmodels/qqmldelegatemodel.cpp
+++ b/src/qmlmodels/qqmldelegatemodel.cpp
@@ -2039,7 +2039,9 @@ bool QQmlDelegateModelPrivate::insert(Compositor::insert_iterator &before, const
         propertyName = it.nextPropertyNameAsString(v);
         if (propertyName->isNull())
             break;
-        cacheItem->setValue(propertyName->toQStringNoThrow(), scope.engine->toVariant(v, QMetaType {}));
+        cacheItem->setValue(
+                    propertyName->toQStringNoThrow(),
+                    QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(v, QMetaType {}));
     }
 
     cacheItem->groups = groups | Compositor::UnresolvedFlag | Compositor::CacheFlag;
diff --git a/src/qmlmodels/qqmllistmodel.cpp b/src/qmlmodels/qqmllistmodel.cpp
index 4a3d582cb1..457c9b9e67 100644
--- a/src/qmlmodels/qqmllistmodel.cpp
+++ b/src/qmlmodels/qqmllistmodel.cpp
@@ -622,7 +622,8 @@ void ListModel::set(int elementIndex, QV4::Object *object, QVector<int> *roles)
                 const ListLayout::Role &role = m_layout->getRoleOrCreate(propertyName, ListLayout::Role::QObject);
                 if (role.type == ListLayout::Role::QObject)
                     roleIndex = e->setQObjectProperty(role, o);
-            } else if (QVariant maybeUrl = o->engine()->toVariant(o->asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
+            } else if (QVariant maybeUrl = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                           o->asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
                        maybeUrl.metaType() == QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>()) {
                 const ListLayout::Role &r = m_layout->getRoleOrCreate(propertyName, ListLayout::Role::Url);
                 QUrl qurl = maybeUrl.toUrl();
@@ -714,7 +715,8 @@ void ListModel::set(int elementIndex, QV4::Object *object, ListModel::SetElement
                 if (r.type == ListLayout::Role::QObject)
                     e->setQObjectPropertyFast(r, o);
             } else {
-                QVariant maybeUrl = o->engine()->toVariant(o->asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
+                QVariant maybeUrl = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                            o->asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
                 if (maybeUrl.metaType() == QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>()) {
                     const QUrl qurl = maybeUrl.toUrl();
                     const ListLayout::Role &r = m_layout->getRoleOrCreate(propertyName, ListLayout::Role::Url);
@@ -1598,7 +1600,8 @@ int ListElement::setJsProperty(const ListLayout::Role &role, const QV4::Value &d
         } else if (role.type == ListLayout::Role::VariantMap) {
             roleIndex = setVariantMapProperty(role, o);
         } else if (role.type == ListLayout::Role::Url) {
-            QVariant maybeUrl = o->engine()->toVariant(o.asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
+            QVariant maybeUrl = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                        o.asReturnedValue(), QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), true);
             if (maybeUrl.metaType() == QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>()) {
                 roleIndex = setUrlProperty(role, maybeUrl.toUrl());
             }
diff --git a/src/qmltest/quicktestresult.cpp b/src/qmltest/quicktestresult.cpp
index 7b1a379214..9c8cc533aa 100644
--- a/src/qmltest/quicktestresult.cpp
+++ b/src/qmltest/quicktestresult.cpp
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ void QuickTestResult::stringify(QQmlV4Function *args)
     if (value->isObject()
         && !value->as<QV4::FunctionObject>()
         && !value->as<QV4::ArrayObject>()) {
-        QVariant v = scope.engine->toVariant(value, QMetaType {});
+        QVariant v = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType {});
         if (v.isValid()) {
             switch (v.userType()) {
             case QMetaType::QVector3D:
diff --git a/src/qmlworkerscript/qv4serialize.cpp b/src/qmlworkerscript/qv4serialize.cpp
index 1906d164f6..fda96cf763 100644
--- a/src/qmlworkerscript/qv4serialize.cpp
+++ b/src/qmlworkerscript/qv4serialize.cpp
@@ -225,7 +225,8 @@ void Serialize::serialize(QByteArray &data, const QV4::Value &v, ExecutionEngine
 
         return;
     } else if (const Object *o = v.as<Object>()) {
-        const QVariant variant = engine->toVariant(v, QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), false);
+        const QVariant variant = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                    v, QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>(), false);
         if (variant.userType() == QMetaType::QUrl) {
             serializeString(data, variant.value<QUrl>().toString(), WorkerUrl);
             return;
diff --git a/src/quick/items/context2d/qquickcontext2d.cpp b/src/quick/items/context2d/qquickcontext2d.cpp
index d2e24a8b30..491cf1108c 100644
--- a/src/quick/items/context2d/qquickcontext2d.cpp
+++ b/src/quick/items/context2d/qquickcontext2d.cpp
@@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QQuickJSContext2D::method_set_fillStyle(const QV4::FunctionOb
     QV4::ScopedValue value(scope, argc ? argv[0] : QV4::Value::undefinedValue());
 
    if (value->as<Object>()) {
-       QColor color = scope.engine->toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
+       QColor color = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
        if (color.isValid()) {
            r->d()->context()->state.fillStyle = color;
            r->d()->context()->buffer()->setFillStyle(color);
@@ -1506,7 +1506,7 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QQuickJSContext2D::method_set_strokeStyle(const QV4::Function
     QV4::ScopedValue value(scope, argc ? argv[0] : QV4::Value::undefinedValue());
 
     if (value->as<Object>()) {
-        QColor color = scope.engine->toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
+        QColor color = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
         if (color.isValid()) {
             r->d()->context()->state.strokeStyle = color;
             r->d()->context()->buffer()->setStrokeStyle(color);
@@ -1738,7 +1738,8 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QQuickJSContext2DPrototype::method_createPattern(const QV4::F
     if (argc >= 2) {
         QV4::Scoped<QQuickContext2DStyle> pattern(scope, scope.engine->memoryManager->allocate<QQuickContext2DStyle>());
 
-        QColor color = scope.engine->toVariant(argv[0], QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
+        QColor color = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                    argv[0], QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
         if (color.isValid()) {
             int patternMode = argv[1].toInt32();
             Qt::BrushStyle style = Qt::SolidPattern;
@@ -3552,7 +3553,8 @@ QV4::ReturnedValue QQuickContext2DStyle::gradient_proto_addColorStop(const QV4::
         QColor color;
 
         if (argv[1].as<Object>()) {
-            color = scope.engine->toVariant(argv[1], QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
+            color = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(
+                        argv[1], QMetaType::fromType<QColor>()).value<QColor>();
         } else {
             color = qt_color_from_string(argv[1]);
         }
diff --git a/src/quicktemplates2/qquickmenu.cpp b/src/quicktemplates2/qquickmenu.cpp
index a61ca0bd00..d71054e972 100644
--- a/src/quicktemplates2/qquickmenu.cpp
+++ b/src/quicktemplates2/qquickmenu.cpp
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ void QQuickMenu::popup(QQmlV4Function *args)
     if (pos.isNull && (len >= 2 || (!parentItem && len >= 1))) {
         // point pos
         QV4::ScopedValue posArg(scope, (*args)[parentItem ? 1 : 0]);
-        const QVariant var = v4->toVariant(posArg, QMetaType {});
+        const QVariant var = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(posArg, QMetaType {});
         if (var.userType() == QMetaType::QPointF)
             pos = var.toPointF();
     }
diff --git a/src/quicktemplates2/qquickstackview_p.cpp b/src/quicktemplates2/qquickstackview_p.cpp
index 23cdf0c41e..817ae092ae 100644
--- a/src/quicktemplates2/qquickstackview_p.cpp
+++ b/src/quicktemplates2/qquickstackview_p.cpp
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ QQuickStackElement *QQuickStackViewPrivate::createElement(const QV4::Value &valu
     if (const QV4::UrlObject *u = value.as<QV4::UrlObject>())
         return QQuickStackElement::fromString(resolvedUrl(u->href(), context), q, error);
 
-    if (const QV4::Object *v = value.as<QV4::Object>()) {
-        const QVariant data = v->engine()->toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>());
+    if (value.as<QV4::Object>()) {
+        const QVariant data = QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(value, QMetaType::fromType<QUrl>());
         if (data.typeId() == QMetaType::QUrl) {
             return QQuickStackElement::fromString(resolvedUrl(data.toUrl(), context).toString(), q,
                                                   error);
diff --git a/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/testtypes.h b/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/testtypes.h
index de8871129d..da882d7840 100644
--- a/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/testtypes.h
+++ b/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/testtypes.h
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ public:
         QV4::Scope scope(v->v4engine());
         for (int i = 0, end = v->length(); i != end; ++i) {
             QV4::ScopedValue v4Value(scope, (*v)[i]);
-            m_actuals.append(v->v4engine()->toVariant(v4Value, QMetaType()));
+            m_actuals.append(QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(v4Value, QMetaType()));
         }
     }
     Q_INVOKABLE void method_overload2(const QVariantList &list)
diff --git a/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/tst_qqmlecmascript.cpp b/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/tst_qqmlecmascript.cpp
index 10dd2ec823..340b1a148d 100644
--- a/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/tst_qqmlecmascript.cpp
+++ b/tests/auto/qml/qqmlecmascript/tst_qqmlecmascript.cpp
@@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ void tst_qqmlecmascript::callQtInvokables()
     {
     QV4::ScopedValue ret(scope, EVALUATE("object.method_NoArgs_QPointF()"));
     QVERIFY(!ret->isUndefined());
-    QCOMPARE(scope.engine->toVariant(ret, QMetaType {}), QVariant(QPointF(123, 4.5)));
+    QCOMPARE(QV4::ExecutionEngine::toVariant(ret, QMetaType {}), QVariant(QPointF(123, 4.5)));
     QCOMPARE(o->error(), false);
     QCOMPARE(o->invoked(), 3);
     QCOMPARE(o->actuals().count(), 0);